Flipping the Switch

Researchers Find Way to Activate Cells’ Tumor-killing Ability

Molecular biologists at UMass Amherst led by Leonid Pobezinsky and his wife and research collaborator, Elena Pobezinskaya, published results that for the first time show how a microRNA molecule known as Lethal-7 (let-7) serves as a molecular control hub to direct the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by putting the brakes on their cell-killing activities.

Further, the researchers found that, when let-7 levels are low or absent, the body’s T cells can potentially turn into “super killers,” Pobezinsky said. The discovery is a significant advance in the quest to enlist the body’s own immune defenses, a technique known as adaptive immunotherapy. It may more effectively attack disease-causing agents such as invasive cancer and chronic infections like HIV, he adds. Details appear in the open-access journal ELife.

As Pobezinsky explained, “we get cancer because CD8 T-cells are not always efficient, and cancer can overcome them. Our lab looks at the molecular mechanisms that regulate the cytotoxic efficiency of T cells.” He and colleagues reported finding the control mechanism in a tiny strand of microRNA, only 20-30 nucleotides long, that determines how effective T cells will be in attacking disease.

“This was very interesting because, when microRNAs were discovered over 20 years ago, people thought it was a product of RNA degradation. They were considered to be used fragments, like dust. They are so tiny, nobody paid attention to them,” he noted. “But since then, people have gradually been discovering what they really do. Our work is continuing that.”

The research group includes Ph.D. student and first author Alexandria Wells; UMass Amherst molecular biologist Michele Markstein, who provided the computational analysis to identify let-7 targets and how let-7 regulates the genome; and UMass Medical School immunologist Raymond Welsh, a specialist in cytotoxic CD8 T cells who provided a viral model for testing differentiation in the presence of virus.

Pobezinsky pointed out that normally RNA codes proteins, but microRNA do not. Instead, these tiny RNA snips found in humans and mammals have regulatory activity on the whole genome. Further, he noted, “the specific microRNA known as Lethal 7 or let-7 is a very ancient RNA that existed in the first eukaryotes and has been conserved through evolution. Humans and animals have multiple genes that code for it instead of the usual one; only the most important genes are duplicated during evolution.”

This series of experiments was sparked by the observation that T-cells produce a lot of let-7 molecules, and when T cells are in their inactive state with no pathogen present, “our T cells are full of these let-7 cells,” Pobezinsky says. “But the moment they see an antigen, suddenly the let-7s are gone. So the question is what do they regulate, and why do they need to disappear?”

The researchers hypothesized that, in the presence of microRNA let-7 molecules, T cells are quiet, which for the organism is a safe condition with the immune system inactive. But when a threat is sensed, let-7 molecules disappear, which allows T cells to become functionally cytotoxic and able to clear pathogens, including tumor cells.

“Our hypothesis turns out to be correct,” Pobezinsky noted. “In fact, the microRNAs work as a brake on the cytotoxic T cells when there is no antigen present, so when we are healthy, they rest. As soon as they are gone, T cells initiate differentiation into cytotoxic T lymphocytes.” To kill invaders, T cells inject a toxic molecules or granzymes into a cancer or virally infected cell that initiates its apoptosis, or programmed cell death.

In experiments with three groups of mice — wild type controls, mice genetically modified to have no let-7, and another group engineered to have a super-abundance of let-7 — the researchers found that the complete absence of let-7 yielded the strongest differentiation of T cells to killer status.

“If you keep let-7, T cells cannot become cytotoxic even in the presence of tumor or virus. If you have none or almost none, function is enhanced. Nobody knew this before,” Pobezinsky said. “We also figured out the molecular pathway using transcription factors that regulate the T-cell differentiation and confirmed that let-7 microRNA is the most critical control. The researchers now hope that this might lead to the ability to modulate immune responses that are regulated by CD8 cells, and they are testing it on mouse-tumor models to try to enhance immune response against tumors using this technique.”

He added that he and his team would like to develop a way to suppress or enhance immune response. “We might be able to combine this with adaptive immunotherapy to enhance immune function, so we would use a person’s own T cells, treat them in vitro, then to put back super-killer T cells to boost their immune response. It’s very promising; I feel it’s a real possibility to go from this fundamental research and have an immediate application. For us, it is very, very satisfying to do something for society.” v

This work was supported by a grant from the Multiple Sclerosis Society and UMass Amherst startup funds.